The canonical register: Typhōn
A letter to a colleague, 31 July 2026 — on the name Typhōn, and on the forms that keep failing it.
Your note said, roughly: surely the marks are a nicety. Permit me to use Typhōn to show they are not.
First, the attestation. The name is attested as Τυφῶν, as LSJ and Beekes record. On the evidence, it means "Whirlwind, smoke". The canonical transliteration is Typhōn.
And the marks themselves: o → ō (Macron: long omega). Remove any one of them and you have not simplified the name — you have told a small lie about it, and references are built of exactly such small truths.
Say it aloud as the sources heard it: "tee-FOHN" — but the first vowel is like French "tu," and the second is long and breathy, like a storm that does not end quickly. The marks are what carry that sound to a reader who has never heard it spoken.
On the plain form — and I want to be precise, because you pushed on this. The plain form typhon is not false — it is a fallback, and the register is exact about what that means. In systems that cannot carry diacritics (legacy databases, older tooling, parts of the address-bar pipeline) the flattened form is the accepted vehicle, and the rulebook names it explicitly as the final rung of the fallback hierarchy: full restoration first, circumflex where attested, macron-only by the academic standard, an attested variant, and only then plain ASCII.
What the fallback status forbids is promotion: typhon may carry the name where marks are impossible, but it may not represent the name where marks are possible. Every mark it drops — o → ō — is a fact the sources recorded. A fallback is a vehicle, never the primary.
Now to the forms that provoked your letter. As for tyfon: it comes from the anglicized respelling — the name written the way English guesses it sounds, and it fails because rewrites the consonants of the attested form to fit English spelling habits; every cluster simplified this way erases a letter the sources write
One more thing, because it always surprises: the name did not stay home. From the fifth century BCE onward, Greeks identified Typhōn with the Egyptian god Set, the red-haired storm deity who murdered Osiris. This equation may have shaped Typhōn's later iconography: he became a winged, serpentine giant associated with the desert and destructive wind.
And it never stopped working. Typhōn gave his name to the typhoon, one of the most feared words in meteorology — though the route may run through Arabic ṭūfān and Chinese taifeng as well as Greek. In fantasy, "Typhon" names ancient dragons, sea monsters, and final bosses.
The Convention's Own History
The marks this register defends were not invented for typesetting. Ancient Greek carried a melodic pitch accent, and the acute and circumflex were added by Alexandrian scholars — Aristophanes of Byzantium, tradition holds — precisely to preserve it when the spoken language began to level. Vowel quantity (the macron's concern) is older still: it changes meter, meaning, and grammar, and the poets of the Theogony depend on it. To drop either class of mark is to drop two millennia of deliberate preservation. The restored-stress convention simply continues the oldest documented project in European scholarship: keeping the sound of Greek alive in its letters.
Where Protocol Meets Practice
The technical answer is simple: the canonical marks are legal IDNA 2008 characters, encoded as punycode under `xn--`. The practical answer is messier: legal does not mean stocked (registrar inventory is partial), and stocked does not mean typeable (stacked diacritics defeat mobile keyboards).
So the register's rule is a hierarchy of attested forms — full restoration, circumflex, macron-only, attested variant, and finally plain ASCII for the systems that cannot carry marks. Every rung is defensible because every rung is attested. The forms this register rules against are not rungs; they are errors, and errors do not get rungs.
Write back when you have checked the sources; they are better company than I am.
— The Register
The Verdict
Typhōn is the canonical form: attested, checkable, and enforced across the temple, the lexicon, the cards, the APIs, and this register. The plain form typhon is sanctioned as the fallback vehicle and nothing more. The false forms above are documented so that no reader has to take the temple's word on faith — the violations are stated, the sources are named, and the register stands open to challenge on every line.
The temple of Typhōn stands at /sites/typhon/.
The docket for this ruling: 1 false form ruled against, tyfon first on the docket; 1 preserved mark verified: o → ō; no contested forms attested; the attestation rests on 8 cited sources — LSJ, Beekes, Pape-Benseler.
The Register Continues
The register holds 287 entries like this one — each temple with its own ruling. Read the temple's founding dispatch for the story, its Restoration File for the philology, its Resonance File for the industries, or the whole archive end to end.
Continue the register — previous entry: Týchē (read it) · next entry: Týr (read it).
The Canonical Register is written from the same canonical record as the lexicon itself. If a false form is missing from this page, it is because the evidence does not support calling it false — or because we have not seen it yet. Show us, with a citation, and the register will answer.