Dāwîḏ: canonical, contested, and the false forms on record

Evidence dossier 066 — Dāwîḏ. Every exhibit catalogued, every ruling stated with its grounds.

At a Glance

• Canonical form: Dāwîḏ
• Original script: דָּוִד
• Pantheon: Canaanite
• Convention: Ugaritic/Phoenician scholarly convention with matres and gutturals shown
• False forms on record: 1
• Contested forms: none attested
• Series: The Canonical Register, No. 66 of 287

The Evidence

Exhibit 1 — the attestation. The attested form is דָּוִד, from the tradition's own record. The canonical transliteration is Dāwîḏ.

Exhibit 2 — the preserved marks. a → ā (Macron: long vowel); i → î (Circumflex: long vowel). Each is verifiable against the sources named in the attestation.

Exhibit 3 — the flattened form. The plain form david is not false — it is a fallback, and the register is exact about what that means. In systems that cannot carry diacritics (legacy databases, older tooling, parts of the address-bar pipeline) the flattened form is the accepted vehicle, and the rulebook names it explicitly as the final rung of the fallback hierarchy: full restoration first, circumflex where attested, macron-only by the academic standard, an attested variant, and only then plain ASCII.

What the fallback status forbids is promotion: david may carry the name where marks are impossible, but it may not represent the name where marks are possible. Every mark it drops — a → ā, i → î — is a fact the sources recorded. A fallback is a vehicle, never the primary.

Exhibit 4 — struck from the record: Dawid. Origin: the publisher compromise — older books and hurried websites that print the "English equivalent" as if it were the name itself. Grounds: every substitution here (ā→a, î→i, ḏ→d) is a romanization of convenience, not an attested spelling — it teaches the reader to guess, not to read.

Exhibit 5 — the physical record. The Tel Dan Stele (ninth century BCE) contains the phrase bytdwd, 'House of David,' the earliest extra-biblical reference to the Davidic dynasty. The Mesha Stele may also allude to the 'House of David,' though the reading is disputed. Excavations in the City of David have uncovered Iron Age fortifications, the Siloam Tunnel, and residential quarters, but the scale of David's united kingdom remains contested between 'high chronology' and 'low chronology' interpretations. Khirbet Qeiyafa, a fortified site on the Judah-Philistia border, has been proposed by some as evidence of an early tenth-century Judahite state, though this is debated.

Exhibit 6 — the continuing record. Dāwîḏ gave the West one of its most enduring books of prayer and poetry. The Psalms have been recited in temples, churches, and mosques for millennia; their language of lament, thanksgiving, and royal trust shaped later liturgy and literature.

The Convention's Own History

Every tradition in this register has its own scholarly transliteration standard, built by its own specialists over decades or centuries, and the register follows each on its own terms: Ugaritic/Phoenician scholarly convention with matres and gutturals shown. The principle that unifies them is the one the whole project stands on: a name is evidence, and evidence is not negotiable — not for keyboards, not for convenience, not for anyone.

The Protocol's Position

Can the canonical form live in the address bar? Almost always, yes. IDNA 2008 admits every mark this register defends — the DNS stores them as `xn--` punycode and modern browsers render them natively. The real frictions are practical, not legal: some registrars stock only part of the IDN space, so a theoretically valid name can be temporarily unbuyable; and stacked combinations (an acute riding a macron) remain awkward to type on mobile keyboards even where the protocol accepts them.

The project's answer is a ranked ladder, not a compromise: the full restoration first, then attested fallbacks in descending order of completeness. The ladder's lowest rung, plain ASCII, is a vehicle for legacy systems — sanctioned, but never presented as the scholarly form.

The Verdict

Case closed on Dāwîḏ: canonical, cited, and defended. The keyboard form david rides as the sanctioned fallback — and stays in that lane. The register's files remain open: if a source surfaces that changes any line of this entry, the entry changes. Until then, the temple at /sites/david/ holds the canonical form.

The docket for this ruling: 1 false form ruled against, Dawid first on the docket; 2 preserved marks verified: a → ā, i → î; no contested forms attested; the attestation rests on 7 cited sources — HALOT s.v. דָּוִד, TDOT s.v. David, 1–2 Samuel.

The Register Continues

Entry 66 of 287 in the Canonical Register. Around it: the temple's founding dispatch, the Restoration File on the marks themselves, the Resonance File on the archetype at work, and the Rulebook behind all of it.

Continue the register — previous entry: Dakṣa (read it) · next entry: Dažbog (read it).

The Canonical Register is written from the same canonical record as the lexicon itself. If a false form is missing from this page, it is because the evidence does not support calling it false — or because we have not seen it yet. Show us, with a citation, and the register will answer.